LOC (lab-on-a-chip); MicroTAS (Micro Total Analysis Systems); BioMEMS (Bio Micro Electro Mechanical Systems); SANS (Sample-to-Answer Nano/microfluidic Systems); nanobiosensors for bio/chemical/environmental applications; world-to-chip interfacing and packaging; single cell manipulation, sorting, and detection; microvalves; micropumps; microfluidics